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Functionally, Ministries of Internal Affairs are mostly police agencies. Their functions and organization differ significantly from similarly named departments in Western countries, which are usually civil executive bodies headed by politicians and responsible for many other tasks as well as the supervision of law enforcement. Internal affairs units within the militsiya itself are usually called “internal security” departments. The official names of particular militsiya bodies and services in post-Soviet countries are usually very complicated, hence the use of the short term militsiya.
Laws usually refer to police just as militsiya. A Lada 2106 belonging to the Armenian State Automobile Inspection parked on a street in Yerevan, June 2007. The organizational structure, methods and traditions of the militsiya differ significantly from those of western police. Militsiya as an organization consists of many functional departments, such as the GIBDD, a traffic police. Organized crime detectives form highly independent squads inside regional militsiya. Unlike in some other countries’ police agencies, militsioners are not assigned permanent partners, but work alone or within larger groups.
One unique feature of militsiya policing approach is the system of territorial patronage over citizens. The main duty of uchastkovyi is to maintain close relations with the residents of his quarter and gather information among them. In particular, uchastkovyi should personally know each and every ex-convict, substance abuser, young hooligan etc. This system slightly resembles the US system of sheriffs but shows some notable differences. The system of uchastkovyis dates back to imperial times when uriadniks were conducting lowest-level policing in rural areas. Instead, they are widely represented among investigators, juvenile crime inspectors, clerks, etc. However, limited attempts are being made to appoint women as traffic officers or operativniks.
While not on law enforcement duty, soldiers reside in barracks and maintain standard military training. Special motorized militsiya units stationed in the cities were all battallions with three exceptions. Until late 1936, the People’s Militsiya and Internal Troops of the NKVD had no personal ranks, much akin to the Red Army, Red Navy, and OGPU, and used position ranks. This system was largely reused by the GUGB in their special rank structure introduced in 1935, although with new rank insignia and Commissar-style ranks for top officers. New insignia were issued to GUGB in 1937 and to Militsiya in 1939.
It was now based on collar rank patches of the Red Army and Internal Troops. The NKVD rank system was streamlined in 1943 when imperial-style shoulder boards replaced the collar insignia patches. The ranks now copied those of the Soviet Army, with the exception of top officers starting with ‘Senior Major’ who were renamed Commissar of Militsiya 3rd, 2nd, and 1st rank, although they still wore army-style Major General, Lieutenant General and Colonel General shoulder boards. NKGB maintained their commissar ranks until 1945, and switched to equivalent General ranks after that.
